3. Operations and Supply Chain Management

When a company sets up an aggregated plan, it, among other things, tries to get an overall picture of its future need for labor over the next 4-12 months based on forecasts of the total demand for its products. The plan furthermore specifies the link between the necessary inventory throughout the period and the extent of any subcontracting that may have been planned. Different strategies can be pursued in the forming of an optimal plan. Furthermore, special problems are linked with the choice of how to implement an aggregated plan in a specification of actual production plans (when what is produced and in which sequences).

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 12.
Chopra and Meindl: ”Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning and Operation”, chapters 8-9.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

Students are asked to draw up various suggestions for an aggregated plan for the next 12 months based on historic data about demand and technical issues linked to the production. Disaggregated data are available for 27 item numbers, which are to be aggregated to a standard product (top-down analysis). The average consumption of labor for each item number will be provided. The company’s products are characterized by being perishable, and therefore the storage costs have to be modelled in a somewhat untraditional way.

Furthermore, the company is located in an area where it is difficult to attract qualified labor, but at the moment the company has a well-educated labor force.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 12
Chopra and Meindl: ”Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning and Operation”, chapters 8-9.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

This topic is relatively broad, and models and methods from production and inventory planning can be used. One possibility is to work with dynamic, deterministic stock management problems. Another possibility is to look at stochastic, static inventory problems. A third possibility is to look at variations of the EOQ formula. Finally, it is also a possibility to look at what optimal stock management means for the entire or parts of the supply chain which the company/organization is part of. It is also possible to use software for these analyses, for example Excel/VBA, Arena or other software.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 13.
Chopra and Meindl: ”Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning and Operation”, chapter 10.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

MRP deals with the tools which a company can use for production planning when the manufacturing process is dependent on deliveries from supply chain partners. These deliveries must be ordered, so that they are delivered at exactly the time when the part is needed in the manufacturing process.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 14.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

Every single day, businesses make decisions about future undertakings, without knowing exactly what the future brings. For example, businesses have to order supplies for their inventories without precise knowledge of future demand. Likewise, investments are made by the businesses without exact knowledge about how large the resulting profits will potentially be. There are many ways of forecasting the future. Some businesses use subjective processes, such as experience and intuition, while the approach of others is based on quantitative forecasting. Some of the more quantitative methods are moving average models, trend projections and regression, to mention but a few. It is of course possible to use IT for these estimations.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 9.
Chopra and Meindl: ”Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning and Operation”, chapter 7. John E. Hanke and D. W. Wichern ”Business Forecasting” (2005).
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

Day-to-day demand data for three years dis aggregated on 27 item numbers will be provided. Students are asked to make a forecast analysis based on the first two years and validated on data from the third year. The demand is influenced by seasonal variations and campaign offers. Students are asked to make both a forecast analysis based on the individual item numbers but also based on “aggregated products”. Information about which item numbers refer to products with high substitutability will be provided.

The data were originally part of a master’s thesis in Economics & Business Administration, so the performance of the best forecasting model can potentially be compared to the forecasting model that was used in the master’s thesis. Data will be provided in Excel sheets, so it is possible to use IT for these estimations.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 9.
Chopra and Meindl: ”Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning and Operation”, chapter 7. John E. Hanke and D. W. Wichern ”Business Forecasting” (2005).
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

In many companies, ongoing projects take up the majority of a company’s resources. It is therefore important that the company keeps tabs on these projects, both with respect to time and the resources that the project consumes. There are many solution methods that the company can use for monitoring its projects – some use mathematical formulations, while others are more algorithm-oriented.

Literature:
C. C. Bozarth and R. B. Handfield: "Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management", (2005), chapter 5.
A. Shtub, J. F. Bard and S. Globerson: ”Project Management: Processes, Methodologies and Economics.” (2005).
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

Facility Layout is, for example, how to optimize the layout of a shop or production area. In many stores, there is competition for the best shelves or display areas that will catch the attention of the customers. Likewise, it is important for manufacturing companies to design their production areas, so that, for example, transportation times between the production sites are as short as possible. This topic gives students an opportunity to work further with Jensen’s add-ins or perhaps even create their own solution routines.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

This topic has to do with the problems which a business faces when the demand for its products/services is higher than expected. For example, it deals with evaluation of capacity alternatives and with identifying procedures that can increase the company’s throughput.

Students can include a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of a classic inflexible batch production with large intermediate inventories versus a “leaner” design with a flexible technology.

Literature:
Fisher, Marshall L. 1997. “What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?” Harvard Business Review, 75 (2/4), pp. 105-116.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

This is a broad topic, and models and methods from e.g. production planning or inventory planning can be used. It may be useful to choose a specific problem as the starting point. For example, students can analyze how information and decision-making in a distribution channel can be coordinated, so that the individual decision makers act optimally from the point of view of the supply chain.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

The advantages of Lean Manufacturing are emphasized in many contexts, but often there are different explanations of what exactly characterizes Lean. In some contexts Lean is presented as “Make to Order”, while in other cases pull production is identified as the determining characteristic. This topic invites students to discuss and clarify what actually characterizes Lean. The project can take several directions. For example, the focus can be on pull- production design, such as the Kanban system, originally used in the Toyota Production Model, or the more recent concept of CONWIP control. The link between throughput and variability is another important area. Furthermore, the focus can be on the part of a Lean implementation, which is called “Value Stream Mapping”, and which deals with identifying “imbalances” in a production design (see, e.g., the book “Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to create value and eliminate muda”). Finally, the focus can be on simulation, since many of the aspects of Lean can be “tested” in simple simulation models. Access to the simulation tool ARENA will be provided. The tool is fairly easy to use, as models are formulated by setting up and connecting graphic modules, exactly as when setting up a flow chart.

Literature:
Fisher, Marshall L. ( 1997): “What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?” Harvard Business Review, 75 (2/4), pp. 105-116.
W. J. Hopp (2003): Supply Chain Science, free download.
W. J. Hopp and M-.L. Spearman (2004): To Pull or Not to Pull: What is the Question? Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 6(2), pp. 133-148.
M. Rother and J. Shook: Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to create value and eliminate muda.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

In the book “Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to create value and eliminate muda” Value Stream Mapping, which is an important part of a Lean implementation, is discussed and illustrated. Specifically, the book contains information from a case dealing with TWI’s manufacturing process of tractor components. This topic invites students to carry out a closer analysis of how appropriately this manufacturing process has been organized (utilization, throughput, cycle-time, amount of work in process, etc.). Furthermore, the described manufacturing process should be analyzed by means of simulation, and the effect of different changes in the production design should be tested. The simulation tool ARENA is fairly easy to use, as models are formulated by setting up and connecting graphic modules, exactly as when setting up a flow chart. Different suggestions for a Lean implementation must be discussed and analyzed based on how the production process behaves in simulations. More theoretical aspects of what characterizes Lean can also be included in the project. Access to the simulation tool ARENA will be provided. The tool is fairly easy to use, as models are formulated by setting up and connecting graphic modules, exactly as when setting up a flow chart. Students should discuss and analyze various suggestions for a Lean implementation, according to how the manufacturing process behaves in simulations. More theoretical aspects of what characterizes Lean can also be included in the project.

Literature:
Fisher, Marshall L. ( 1997). “What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?” Harvard Business Review 75 (2/4), pp. 105-116.
W. J. Hopp (2003): Supply Chain Science, free download.
W. J. Hopp and M-.L. Spearman (2004): To Pull or Not to Pull: What is the Question? Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 6(2), pp. 133-148.
M. Rother and J. Shook: Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to create value and eliminate muda.
Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

The routing problem focus on how a number of customers can be serviced from a warehouse.. The demand from each customer is known. This demand has to be met using deliveries from the warehouse. This is done by letting vehicles carry the goods from the warehouse to the customers. Each vehicle has limited capacity. The problem is now how to serve the customers and minimize the transportation cost. This problem can be formulated and solved as a mathematical optimization problem. Students are asked to provide an overview and make a comparison of models for solution of one or more of these kinds of problems. The models can be implemented in GAMS/VBA, but it is also possible to make a purely theoretical project within this topic.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

A salesman is currently in his home town, and on the next day he will be visiting a fixed number of customers. The salesman’s problem is to plan a coherent route of the shortest possible length, so that he can visit all customers exactly once on the route. This is a classical combinatorial optimization problem. For example, one could imagine that the salesman has to visit 20 customers. There are 20 possible choices for the first customer on the route, 19 for the second, etc. This means that the shortest route of the possible 20*19*...*1 routes must be identified. This can of course be done by calculating the lengths of all possible trips, but the number of trips is very high. Alternatively, the problem can be formulated as a binary optimization problem and can be solved by means of, for example, Branch & Bound. The task is to explain a number of mathematical formulations of the problem and implement one or more of these. It is possible to work on practical datasets, for instance by having the customers live in different towns.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

A number of logistical problems, for example within the field of routing can be solved using mathematical modeling, typically by building a binary optimization model, which is subsequently solved using, for example, the Branch & Bound algorithm. But new methods for solution of these problems have been developed, and they have proved very effective in practice, e.g. Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search. Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search do not necessarily result in identifying an optimal solution to the problem at hand, but typically in a ‘good’ solution. Students are asked to make a presentation of one of these methods and its use for solution of, for example, the type of problem described above.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

In Odense, mail is delivered daily by a number of mailmen, who each deliver mail to a fixed district. A mail delivery route is a specification of the order in which the individual roads in the district are being serviced. It is possible to plan the route, so that the total distance, which the mailman travels, will be as short as possible. This can be formulated as a mathematical optimization model. Students should provide an overview of methods and models that can solve of this type of problem. It is possible to work with small datasets, but also to make a purely theoretical project within this topic.

Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".

A business manufactures goods for a reasonably fixed group of customers. At present, the business is for example located in the Triangle Region (Kolding, Vejle, Fredericia), but in recent years more and more of the customers have been based on Zealand. This means that an increasing part of the goods have to be transported from Jutland to Zealand, which entails quite high transport costs. The business is therefore considering whether it should move to another location. Problems of this type can be solved using optimization methods. The project involves a presentation of some of these  methods and an implementation of one or more of them in, for example, Excel/VBA or other software. Prerequisite: "Ressourcestyring og Supply Chain Management".